Latinas Economic Empowerment Program
White men expect Latina women to call them “papi” in a sexual context, or use the term “mami” as a sexual compliment, but Latinx use these terms to refer to their parents. The television and movie industry in America is dominated by white men who often portray ethnic minorities from a white point of view. Specifically, Latin American women in the American mainstream media are exoticised and hypersexualized. But while Latina teens have amuch higher rateof teenage pregnancies than their white peers, they don’t have sex more often than their white counterparts. In fact, a2009 studylooking at sexual health factors in teens by race and ethnicity shows that the female rate of teenage intercourse for Latinas and non-Latina whites are identical, with 45% of teen girls from both racial/ethnic groups reporting having had sex.
After the conquest of the Aztec empire, the Spanish re-administered the land and expanded their own empire beyond the former boundaries of the Aztec, adding more territory to the Mexican sphere of influence which remained under the Spanish Crown for 300 years. Cultural diffusion and intermixing among the Amerindian populations with the European created the modern Mexican identity which is a mixture of regional indigenous and European cultures that evolved into a national culture during the Spanish period. This new identity was defined as «Mexican» shortly after the Mexican War of Independence and was more invigorated and developed after the Mexican Revolution when the Constitution of 1917 officially established Mexico as an indivisible pluricultural nation founded on its indigenous roots. For a specific analysis of the population of Mexico, see Demographics of Mexico.
In addition to overt wage discrimination, the explained portion of the wage gap is largely caused by structural barriers that reduce Latinas’ expected earnings. The largest explained causes of the white-men-to-Hispanic-women gap include the segregation of Hispanic women into lower-paying occupations and lower-paying industries and the disparity in access to education and skills training for many Hispanic women . Today is Latina Equal Pay Day, the day in 2018 when Hispanic women in the United States have to work to earn as much as white men in the United States earned in 2017 alone. That gap is greater than for black women, who earn 39% less than white men, according to an analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data, and greater than for Native American women, who earn 42% less than white men.
A large portion of the Puerto Rican population in the United States resides in the Northeast and Florida, with Holyoke, Massachusetts and Buenaventura Lakes, Florida having the highest percentages of Puerto Rican residents of any municipalities in the country. There are also significant Puerto Rican populations in the Chicago metropolitan area and the South Atlantic states, from Maryland to Georgia and other states like Ohio, Texas and California. Aside from the US mainland and Puerto Rico itself, the US Virgin Islands, also a US territory, has a large Puerto Rican population.
The naming dispute is a phenomenon that has its roots mainly in California and other neighboring states. Before the adoption of the ethnonym «Hispanic or Latino» by the United States Government, the term Hispanic was commonly used for statistical purposes. However, many people did not feel satisfied with the term and started campaigns promoting the use of «Latino» as a new ethnonym. The Office of Management and Budget has stated that the new term should be, indeed, «Hispanic or Latino» because the usage of the terms differs—»Hispanics is commonly used in the eastern portion of the United States, whereas Latino is commonly used in the western portion». The term has drawn criticisms for its invented roots, in addition to its perceived corruption of the Spanish language.
AdditionalEPI research on the Hispanic-white wage gapincludes analysis of immigrant status and country of origin. Looking at only full-time workers in a regression framework, Marie T. Mora and Alberto Dávila find that Latina workers http://datameetup.es/dominican-girl-whats-it/ are paid 67 percent on the white non-Hispanic male dollar . Accounting for immigrant status, the pay penalty improves slightly to 30 percent and is wider among first generation immigrants than second or third or higher generation .
Furthermore, the share of Latina women earning at or below minimum wage is actually increasing, tripling from 2007 to 2012, and contributing to an overall poverty rate of 27.9% —close to three timesthat of non-Latina white women. Everything from countries of origin, to social class, to where raised, to education, to non-sociological factors like being who you are and liking what you like impacts who we are. Unlike a feminist, a latina knows how to control her man and it doesn’t become a war of the sexes. A traditional latina is very loyal to her man and takes marital vows very serious. I am always open to criticism on an article, however, if you’re going to hold such a strong opinion — you should read the full article.
Since 2007, the Government of Puerto Rico has been issuing «Certificates of Puerto Rican Citizenship» to anyone born in Puerto Rico or to anyone born outside of Puerto Rico with at least one parent who was born in Puerto Rico. The Spanish Government recognizes Puerto Ricans as a people with Puerto Rican, «and not American», citizenship. It also provides Puerto Rican citizens privileges not provided to citizens of several other nations. In 1942, a vote passed on HR 6165 to preserve Puerto Rican nationality. Puerto Rican citizenship is the status of having citizenship of Puerto Rico as a concept distinct from having citizenship of the United States.
Prior to this decision, the Census and other government data collections asked people to report only one race. Race and ethnicity are considered separate and distinct identities, with Hispanic or Latino origin asked as a separate question. Thus, in addition to their race or races, all respondents are categorized by membership in one of two ethnic categories, which are «Hispanic or Latino» and «Not Hispanic or Latino».
For a more precise analysis on the nationality and identity of Mexico, see Mexican nationality law. The Census and Our Flawed Efforts to Classify Americans (Princeton University Press; 2013) argues for dropping the race question from the census. The Census Bureau warns that data on race in 2000 census are not directly comparable to those collected in previous censuses. Many residents of the United States consider race and ethnicity to be the same.
Migration History
In studies made on the general Mexican population (this is, studies where there is no other kind of self-identification than that of being «Mexican») the European ancestral genetic component tends to overtake the indigenous composite. Genetic studies made on indigenous Mexicans reveal a predominant indigenous ancestry but with higher than expected variations on European and African ancestral components. In contrast, Nahua-speaking Indigenous peoples from the state of Veracruz have a mean European ancestry of 42% and an African ancestry of 22%. Asian immigration began with the arrival of Filipinos to Mexico during the Spanish period.
However, it is not clear whether these settlement changes can be characterized as simple population dispersal. Puerto Rican population settlements today are less concentrated than they were in places like New York City, Chicago and a number of cities in Massachusetts, Connecticut and New Jersey.
